Autonomous Drone
By B.E. Alejandro • 4 minutes read •
Project Summary
The goal of this project is to develop a fixed-wing UAV based on the Eclipson Pathfinder model for surveillance and reconnaissance missions. The aim is to create a system that can operate fully autonomously, respond to commands to reach specific waypoints, and, once in position, allow manual control or continue in automatic mode while analyzing the environment.
The system is designed to be efficient and low-cost, using only the essential components to maximize flight autonomy and functionality.
#Drone #UAV #Autonomy #Surveillance #ArduPilot #AI #RaspberryPi
Key Features
Autonomous Navigation
- Autonomous flight system with Cube Orange + Here3 GPS
- Ability to follow predefined routes with multiple waypoints
- Obstacle avoidance and alternative path algorithms
Operating Modes
- Autonomous mode: Navigation to a designated point without human intervention
- Loiter mode: Holds position over the area of interest while analyzing the environment
- Manual control: Ability to take control using a FrSky Taranis X9D transmitter
- Automatic return: Returns to home on low battery or loss of signal
Transmission and Analysis
- Real-time FPV video transmission via DJI FPV Air Unit
- Optional image analysis using Raspberry Pi 4 + 4G/LTE module for people and vehicle detection
- Bidirectional telemetry for monitoring and real-time adjustments
Essential Components
1️⃣ Structure and Propulsion
| Component | Specification | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Frame | Eclipson Pathfinder | 3D-printed or kit aerodynamic structure |
| Motor | T-Motor AT2312 KV1400 | Main propulsion with high efficiency |
| Propeller | APC 7x4 | Optimized for efficiency and thrust |
| ESC | T-Motor 30A | Precise motor control |
| Servos | 2x SG90 or MG90S | Flight surface control |
| Battery | 3S 2200mAh - 4S 3300mAh | 30–45 min flight autonomy |
| Power Module | Holybro PM06 | Power distribution and monitoring |
2️⃣ Flight Controller and Navigation
| Component | Specification | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Flight Controller | Cube Orange + Carrier Board | System brain, flight processing |
| GPS | Here3 GPS | Precise positioning and navigation |
| Airspeed Sensor | Digital airspeed sensor | Measures relative airspeed |
3️⃣ Communication and Control
| Component | Specification | Function |
|---|---|---|
| RC System | FrSky Taranis X9D + R9 Slim+ SBUS Receiver | Manual backup control |
| Telemetry | SiK Radio 915MHz or RFD900x | Bidirectional data communication |
| FPV System | DJI FPV Air Unit | Real-time video transmission |
4️⃣ Vision and Processing (Optional)
| Component | Specification | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Computer | Raspberry Pi 4 | Image and data processing |
| Software | YOLOv8 lightweight | Real-time object detection |
| Connectivity | 4G/LTE USB module | Long-distance data transmission |
Detailed Operating Modes
- Autonomous Mode
- Drone takes off and follows a predefined route to the target point
- Maintains constant altitude and airspeed
- Adjusts parameters according to environmental conditions
- Loiter Mode
- Holds circular or stationary pattern over the target area
- Adjustable radius and speed for surveillance needs
- Optimizes energy consumption for extended on-station time
- Manual Control
- Operator can take over with the FrSky transmitter at any time
- Smooth transition between autonomous and manual modes
- Telemetry alerts for the operator
- FPV Mode
- Real-time video streaming with DJI FPV
- Low latency for precise control
- On-screen telemetry overlay
- Automatic Return
- Triggered by command, low battery, or signal loss
- Calculates optimal return path considering wind and obstacles
- Automatic landing at home position
Implementation Plan
Phase 1: Construction
- Assemble UAV with minimum components
- Integrate propulsion and control systems
- Install flight controller and sensors
Phase 2: Configuration
- Configure and calibrate Cube Orange with ArduPilot
- Program basic missions and flight parameters
- Tune PID for optimal stability
Phase 3: Testing
- Conduct controlled flight tests
- Validate autonomous navigation with waypoints
- Test safety and recovery systems
Phase 4: Optimization
- Integrate DJI FPV system
- Implement image analysis (optional)
- Optimize power consumption and endurance
This project must comply with local civil aviation regulations for UAVs. Check flight restrictions, registration requirements, and weight limits before operating.
Resources and References
- ArduPilot Official Documentation
- Eclipson Pathfinder Specifications
- Cube Orange Setup Guide
- YOLOv8 on Raspberry Pi Tutorial
For budget details and estimated costs, see Budget.